Reproaching and Threatening Kalifs in the Umayyad Poetry: “Motives and Results”

Abstract

The historical and literary sources compromised of some poems in which some poets reproached Umayyad Kalifs starting with Muaweyah Ben Abi Sufyan.Those poems included one type of reproach which is the political reproach.Sources also included some other poems in which some poets theeatened anumber of Kalifs. The research aims at highlighting these two types of Umayyad poetry and identifying the motives behind that, and the reaction of the Kalifs after hearing them. It also aims at shedding light on the political and social reality from which these poems emerged as far as sources allow.